A new study has identified human errors stemming from insufficient training and a lack of standardised procedures as major drivers of food loss during manufacturing.
Researchers at Brunel University London and Ghent University studied the production processes at 47 food manufacturers in Belgium to determine where the highest losses were observed.
Writing in Annals of Operations Research, they found that human error accounted for 10.9% of all food waste, second only to the losses recorded as a result of product change – changing the food output of a manufacturing facility.
“At most of the companies we went to, there was no standardisation of work or visual management in place. It’s a management issue,” said Dr Manoj Dora of Brunel Business School, who led the study.
“In many instances there wasn’t proper training, or a standardisation of work being applied in their workplace, and as a result there was a greater tendency towards errors, and therefore, more food waste.”
The researchers gathered data from a wide variety of companies, ranging from ready-meal manufacturers producing 6,300 tonnes of food per year, to drinks manufacturers producing nearly 130,000 tonnes of products per year.
On average the manufacturers suffer a loss of 1 tonne of food for every 35 tonnes they produce.
Where 10.9% of this loss was accounted for by human error and 13% was caused by product changes, a further 8.7% was attributed to product defects and 6.4% as a result of buyer contracts.
“Aside from human error, another key area of loss is product changes,” said Dr Dora.
“Say you’re making a tomato sauce and when you’ve finished you want to make a mustard sauce, then this means the whole process must be cleaned. This whole process contributes a significant amount of loss.”
Dr Dora and his team also identified the relationship a company has with its suppliers and customers as being an area of significant loss, especially when considering seasonal goods.
“When dealing with suppliers, it’s important when you order, how you order, and how you keep the produce,” said Dr Dora.
“But then dealing with the buyers – the supermarkets – is also critical. Let’s say a retailer orders a thousand kilos of sausages predicting good weather, but then it clouds over and rains, so retailer cut down their demand. This would mean the manufacturer bears these losses, and there is significant waste.
“This shows a lack of collaboration in the supply chain – the farmer, the processor and the buyers aren’t in sync. They’re talking, but not enough to predict each other’s demand and supply.”
One of the most interesting findings, said Dr Dora, was how unaware many manufacturers – particularly the smaller ones – were of how much food they were wasting.
“We were amazed to see how little companies didn’t actually measure how much they were throwing away, and they were surprised to see in monetary terms how much they’re losing because of food loss,” said Dr Dora.
“Good collaboration, appropriate measurement systems and the implementation of lean management tools in the production process can significantly reduce food loss.”
