Gu Jicheng, vice-president of the Beijing-based Dairy Association of China, said China's poor forage crop production, along with rising prices of imported alfalfa and corn silage, affected the nation's raw milk output in 2013. Most Chinese dairy farms lack access to quality feed for their cows, he added.
Compared with dairy cows in Israel, which can produce up to 11 metric tons of milk on average per year, Chinese cows yield between 6 and 7 tons per year. The world's biggest agricultural product consumer so far has only 200,000 hectares of farmland for growing corn silage.
According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the country encountered a notable drop in raw milk production last year, with output totaling 35.31 million tons in 2013, a 5.7 percent decrease from the previous year. That move led to a price rise in dairy products and battles among major firms for the supply of raw milk in the domestic market.
Major Chinese companies such as Bright Dairy and Food Co, China Mengniu Dairy Co and Yili Industrial Group Co recently raised their prices between 5 and 10 percent after Beijing dairy producer Sanyuan Group announced it was hiking a number of its dairy products by 8 percent two months ago.
Fearing they will be driven from the market, dairy enterprises of various sizes have scrambled to secure supplies from farms throughout China, especially in the major milk-producing regions of Hebei, Heilongjiang and Liaoning provinces, and the Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Hui autonomous regions.
Although most Chinese cows are Holsteins, a breed that originated in Europe and is known as the highest-producing dairy animal today, their productivity cannot compete with cows in Europe or the United States.
"Many Chinese dairy farm owners are still adapting the way they feed pigs to run their business and only use hay to feed them," Gu said. "Because the price for quality corn silage and alfalfa, mainly from abroad is higher than domestic made forage feed, farm owners have difficulty in buying them."
Corn silage specifically for feeding cows is grown in spring and summer and then stored for a month for a fermentation process. It is easily digested by cows and supplies valuable nutrients for cows' overall health.
Alfalfa mixed with grass hay can result in a better balance of forage for feeding cows.
But while US alfalfa hay was sold in China at $340 per ton last month, a similar Chinese crop with relatively lower quality was priced at $230 per ton, said the China National Grain and Oils Information Center.
Song Liang, a dairy industry analyst at the distribution productivity promotion center of China Commerce, a Beijing-based business think tank, said that because most farmland in China is used for growing grains and vegetables for human consumption, the cultivation of forage crops is far behind that of developed countries and relies heavily on imported alfalfa to supply domestic dairy farms.
"China needs 200 million metric tons of forage crops to meet the demand of its dairy sector each year and must further increase imports of alfalfa and corn silage to prevent an aggravated shortfall this year," he said.
The country imported 678,300 tons of alfalfa from global markets such as Canada and the US between January and November 2013, a surge of 66 percent over the same period a year earlier.
To meet the nation's diversified demand for dairy products such as yogurt, cream and milk, the Ministry of Agriculture issued new policies to support forage crop projects by offering financial and technical assistance. Hebei also plans to develop 16,600 hectares of alfalfa farmland and 26,000 hectares of corn silage planting land before 2017 to lessen the pressure on dairy farm owners.
