The last raindrop fell three months ago, forcing Carlos Roman to take his cattle further and further away to find water and keep them alive in Nicaragua's north-eastern farmlands. Nicaragua and the rest of Central America has been hit by a major drought that has killed thousands of cattle, dried up crops and forced cities to ration electricity.
Costa Rica, Honduras and Guatemala have declared emergencies in the worst affected areas to speed up aid delivery. El Salvador and Nicaragua have opened special funds to help farmers.
In northern Nicaragua, vultures are eating the carcasses of cows that are dropping dead in dried out pastures.
"It's exhausting. I have to travel up to five kilometers (three miles)," Roman said as he walked slowly along an artificial lake under a scorching sun that has reddened his face.
"Half the lake has dried up," said the 41-year-old father of four and farmer who sells milk for a living in the Boaco province, 70 kilometers north-east of the capital. "When the winter's good we sow wheat and beans, but there is nothing. We eat what we can find," he said.
Central American agriculture ministers held a videoconference on August 06 to seek co-ordinated actions to cope with the drought.
'The dry corridor'
The lack of rain has been blamed on the probable arrival of the El Nino weather phenomenon, which is characterised by unusually warm Pacific Ocean temperatures that can trigger droughts.
It is the latest trouble to hammer a region already beset by gang violence and poverty, which have driven families and unaccompanied children to migrate illegally to the United States.
The drought has swept across a region known as "the dry corridor," which covers nearly a third of Central America, where 10 million people live, according to a 2013 study by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation.
Nicaragua's government says the country is enduring its worst drought since 1976. The first harvest, which takes place between May and August, has yielded nothing, according to Nicaragua's national farmers and ranchers union. Some 2,500 cattle have died and 700,000 more are in critical health as they roam dry pastures.
Honduras' rainy season is usually from May to November, but not this year. The drought has decimated 70 percent of corn crops and 45 percent of beans, affecting 72,000 families.
The Honduran state energy company said it was rationing power for up to four hours a day in several cities because of low water levels in dams that power hydro-electric plants.
El Salvador has lost one-tenth of its corn harvest. Guatemala estimates agricultural losses amount to $45 million, affecting 120,000 families.
Costa Rica's livestock and crop farmers have suffered losses totalling $24 million.
The water scarcity has even reached Colombia, where the cattle ranchers' federation found 30,000 dead livestock.
El Nino, which occurs every two to seven years, has clobbered Central America 10 times in the past 60 years.
"What we are seeing is the consequence of El Nino," Luis Fernando Alvarado, researcher at Costa Rica's Meteorological Institute, told AFP. Other experts blame deforestation.
No water, no life
To cope with loss of crops, governments have imported US and Mexican corn and beans from Ethiopia.
Nicaragua has approved a $300,000 fund to feed cattle while Honduras has sent food to 30,000 families.
Roman, the Boaco farmer, said he would emigrate to Costa Rica or Panama in the coming months to find work there if the rain doesn't come. Some 2,000 people live in the surrounding communities, where they used to have enough water to bathe, clean clothes and hydrate their animals.
