Along with partners in affected countries, FAO is emphasising "soft" pest control programmes against the tomato borer that have already succeeded in minimising damage in the Mediterranean, including North African countries.
Planning is currently underway for a sub-regional project to manage the tomato borer, or Tuta absoluta, in Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen, drawing on techniques used most recently in various Mediterranean countries.
The idea is to keep damage to a minimum with environmentally and economically sustainable methods that reduce the heavy use of pesticides, and favour the use of natural enemies and "attract-and-kill" pheromone traps.
Tuta absoluta also feeds on various plants in the nightshade (solanaceae) family like potato, eggplant, pepper, common beans, and some related weeds, but the tomato is the most economically important crop in the region.
The small, brownish moth was first introduced from South America into Spain in 2006 and later spread to countries in the Mediterranean Basin and the Near East - encompassing territories as far north as Switzerland, as far south as Morocco and Algeria, as Far East as Turkey, and also Arab Gulf states to the south-east.
"The tomato borer has bred quickly and moved easily across borders. Some countries have been able to minimise the insect's ability to reproduce, and limit its potential to spread and damage crops. FAO's objective is to replicate this success as the pest makes its way east and south-east," said FAO pest management expert Khaled Alrouechdi.
"There are two reasons why we aim to reduce the level of pesticides used: First, the heavy application of chemicals is not environmentally sustainable. Second, the tomato borer has been known to rapidly develop resistance to insecticides," Alrouechdi said.
"Softer" pest control
FAO has been using Integrated Pest Management (IPM) schemes in affected countries to develop low-toxic, affordable approaches to pest control, including:
Reduced use of chemical pesticides and select natural ones
Pheromone traps that lure the insects by mimicking potential mates
The release of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids of the tomato borer)
The use of insect-proof screens and double doors in greenhouses
Nursery management and insect-free planting materials
Removal of infested crops and wild host plants
Rotating crops with non-solanaceous varieties that do not appeal to the insect.
"Pheromones have long been used in various countries for monitoring and mass trapping. It's considered economical, it's easy to use, and it has been well accepted by farmers," Alrouechdi said.
"The use of pheromone traps, collectively by farmers, to eliminate insects using what we call the attract-and-kill method is one of our most promising options," he added.
FAO promotes IPM as the preferred approach to crop protection and pesticide risk reduction, as it offers farmers and policy-makers viable alternatives to manage pests and agricultural ecosystems for a more sustainable future.
